打開潘朵拉的盒子 Opening a Pandora's box
基 因療法 │ 細 胞移植 Gene therapy │ cell transplantation │ 解 碼遺傳學 │ Decode Genetics

「基因操控」也就是人為修改人類基因，美國分子生物學家李‧席維爾教授預言，人類將可以「訂做孩子」，也就是照著父母的願 望，修改孩子的基因。 "Genetic manipulation" that is artificially modified human gene, the U.S. molecular biologist, Professor Lee ‧ Xi Weier predicted, the human will be able to "tailor-made children", that is, according the wishes of their parents, modify the child's genes.

這是一對生活在21世紀的夫婦，他們已經完成體外人工受孕，為胚胎取名「愛麗絲」，只要按個鍵就可以看到愛麗絲所有的基因 資料，根據這些資料，父母可以量身打造愛麗絲，選取並納入他們理想中的基因，胚胎的基因資料輸入電腦後，電腦接著開啟「重度單一基因缺陷」檔案，一旦發現 可能引發致命或重大疾病的基因，便立刻加以修補，接著打開的檔案，則儲存有「罹患複雜、傳染性疾病傾向」的資料，人類將可修改基因，降低這類風險。 This is a pair of couples living in the 21st century, they have completed in vitro artificial insemination, the embryo called "Alice", just press a button you can see all of the genetic data Alice, based on this information, parents can Alice tailored to select and incorporate them ideal gene, embryonic genetic information into the computer, the computer and then open the "severe single-gene defects," the file, once found may lead to fatal or major disease gene, to be repaired immediately Then open the file, then save as "suffering from complex, infectious diseases tend to" information, humans will be able to modify the gene to reduce such risks. 這些驚人的預言都出現在「重建伊甸園」這本書中，書的作者席維爾是普林斯頓大學分子生物研究的重量級人物，現在訂做的孩子， 就只差最後潤飾，身高、體重、髮色，眼球和皮膚的顏色，運動天分，藝術才華，父母選擇他們希望愛麗絲擁有的基因，一一輸入完成電腦圈選作業後，螢幕會出現 愛麗絲16歲時候的模樣，基因操控的程序完成後，醫生便把胚胎，殖入母親的子宮。 These amazing prophecies appear in the "reconstruction of the Garden of Eden," This book is the author of the book Xi Weier study molecular biology at Princeton University, a heavyweight, and now custom-made child, the final polish on only a thin, height, weight, hair color, eye and skin color, sports talent, artistic talent, parents choose their own genes wish Alice, 11 entered complete circle work computer, the screen will appear when Alice looked like 16 years, gene After completion of the process control, medical Bianba embryos, cloned into the mother's womb.

普林斯頓大學李‧席維爾教授認為，以往的演化都是隨機的，完全是聽天由命，以後將不再是隨機演化，我們將朝著明確的方向前 進，掌控自己的演化，而這個夢想，所以能這麼快就實現，是因為擁有這項技術的我們，乃至以後的世世代代，將決定演化的面貌，我們將主導演化。 ‧ Xi Weier Princeton University, Professor Lee, the past evolution is random, completely resigned and is no longer a random evolution, we will move towards a clear direction, control their own evolution, and this dream, they are able to achieve so quickly is because we have the technology, and even later generations, will determine the evolution of the outlook, we will dominate the evolution. 九個月後，量身訂做的小孩誕生了，席維爾教授預言操控基因的結果，我們的後代將是專業運動員、科學家、音樂家、藝術家等才華 洋溢的頂尖人物，人為操控基因的能力，對後代子孫的影響，將是無法估計的。 After nine months, tailored to the child born, Xi Weier Professor of genetic manipulation of the results predicted, and our future generations will be professional athletes, scientists, musicians, artists and other talented and professions, the capacity of human genetic manipulation, the impact on future generations would be incalculable.

基因療法 Gene therapy
而現在，這樣的能力已經掌握在我們手中。 Now, this ability to have in our hands. 這家創投公司正著手研究以正常基因，取代致病基因的療法，藉助特殊設備，DNA的化學基本單位A、T、G和C被正確排序，並 與發生突變的部份，進行比對，這個DNA含有63個字碼是專為這項療法合成的，它會被包上被膜，遞送到細胞核內，進入細胞核後，含有63個字碼的DNA， 會附著在基因突變的部位，細胞內的修復蛋白便發揮作用，修復基因的突變部份讓它回復正常，移除生物體內的DNA或修改DNA，就是基因操控的例子。 The venture capital companies working on research to the normal gene to replace the disease gene therapy, with special equipment, DNA's chemical basic unit of A, T, G and C is the correct order, and with some of mutation, and compare This DNA contains the 63 code is designed for the treatment synthetic, it will be wrapped envelope, delivered to the cell nucleus, into the nucleus after, with 63 code of DNA, will be attached to the mutation site, the intracellular repair proteins can play a role in repair gene mutations in some of it back to normal, remove or modify the DNA in the plants DNA, genetic manipulation is an example.

完全由A、T、G、C等4個字碼組成的DNA語言，是地球上一切生物共通的、任何字碼組合而成的生物體，人類都可以操控它的 基因，比方說可保鮮的番茄都經過人為操控，藉以延長保鮮期，科學家先取出抑制腐化的基因，將它嵌入毫不相干的生物體，如大腸桿菌，然後加以複製，複製後的 基因，移植到番茄的細胞內，就可以延長番茄的保鮮期。 Entirely by the A, T, G, C, etc. 4 DNA code consisting of language, is common to all life on Earth, a combination of any code of organisms, human beings can manipulate its genes, for example, can have fresh tomatoes been manipulated in order to extend the shelf, the scientists first removed the genetic inhibition of corruption, it would be embedded in unrelated organisms, such as E. coli, and then be copied, replicated genes, the cells transplanted into the tomato, it can be extended tomato preservation. 透過這些技術，人類可望打破各個物種之間的藩籬，創造嶄新的 生物體，基因操控技術已經帶給我們許多農產品和藥品，到目前為止，日本就已核准了20多種基因改良後的食品，以及十多種新藥，沒有人能預知基因操控還將帶 給人類，哪些新的事物，我們該怎麼看待這項，現代科學催生的技術？ Through these technologies, the human is expected to break down barriers between the various species to create new organisms, gene manipulation technology has brought many of our agricultural products and pharmaceuticals, to date, Japan had already approved more than 20 kinds of genetically modified food and more than 10 kinds of drugs, no one can predict the genetic manipulation will bring to mankind, what new things, how should we view this, birth of modern science and technology?

柳澤敬子是個作家，30年來雖然不斷和一種不明原因的疾病作 戰，但她關於生命科學的著作，卻仍源源不絕，過去這一年，她的健康稍有好轉，受到植物學家父親的影響，敬子大學時主修生物，大學畢業後，她前往哥倫比亞大 學深造，並參與最先進的科學研究，敬子結婚生子後，仍回到研究工作的崗位，但是就在30歲生日後，噁心、全身疼痛這些症狀，迫使她放棄工作。 Liu Zejing son is a writer for 30 years, despite constant and a combat diseases of unknown causes, but she works on the life sciences are still endless, over the past year, her health improved slightly by the father of botanist , Keiko University, majored in biology, after graduating from college, she went to Columbia University, and participate in the most advanced scientific research, Keiko after marrying and still return to research positions, but on 30 birthday, nausea, body The symptoms of pain, forcing her to give up work. 過去4年她的健康逐漸惡化，她甚至考慮安樂死，由於這些個人的經驗，敬子不斷深入探討生命科學和基因科技。 Over the past 4 years her health gradually deteriorated, and she even consider euthanasia, because these personal experiences, Keiko deepening of life science and gene technology.

柳澤敬子在哥倫比亞大學時，曾參與一項研究工作，試著瞭解如 果只取代A、T、C、G當中一個字碼，是不是仍會出現突變，答案是肯定的，因為DNA是個雙螺旋體，例如有個T被置換了，突變可能不會立刻顯現，而是出現 在第一次細胞分裂，在不同的情況下，突變可能出現在第二次細胞分裂，這和原先研究假設不謀而合，這樣的精確性有它的好處，研究人員可以證明假設是正確的， 這會讓人十分振奮。 Liu Zejing child at Columbia University, I participated in a study, try to understand if only to replace A, T, C, G were a code, is not it will suddenly change, the answer is yes, because DNA is a double helix, for example, There T was replaced, and mutations may not be immediately apparent, but in the first cell division, in different circumstances, mutations may occur in the second cell division, and the original hypothesis that coincides with this accuracy has its advantages, the researchers can prove that assumption is correct, this will make people very excited.

但是，當人類的貪婪和科技研發掛勾時，也就是問題的根源，所 以我們必須謹慎行事，此時此刻，我們對人類的基因，究竟瞭解多少？ However, when human greed and when linking R & D, which is the root of the problem, so we must be careful, at this moment, we are human genes, what is know about?

家住賓州的迪瑞米吉歐夫婦，新婚不久，剛買下夢寐以求的屋子，這一天又是妻子凱莉的28歲生日，他倆確實應該好好慶祝，但興 高采烈的凱莉，卻脫不去心中的陰霾，她有可能遺傳了引發杭廷頓氏舞蹈症的基因，而舞蹈症目前還是不治之症，凱莉的父親53歲那年死於舞蹈症，比她大4歲的 姊姊已經確定遺傳了這種基因。 迪瑞米吉欧couple who lives in Pennsylvania, married, just bought the next dream house, this day is his wife Kelly's 28th birthday, They really should make to celebrate, but the euphoria of Kelly, but do not mind off haze, she may have inherited a cause Huntington's disease gene, while's disease is still incurable, Kelly's father died of chorea 53 years old, 4 years old than her big sister have been identified inherited the gene. 舞蹈症是因為第4對染色體基因突變引起的，此處染色體以C、A、G的順序，重複這三個字碼，正常情況下它會重複29次，但舞 蹈症患者會至少重複35次，多餘的序列產生的蛋白質，有結晶化的的傾向，醫學界認為，這就是破壞神經細胞的元兇。 Chorea is because the gene mutation on chromosome 4 caused, where chromosomes with C, A, G sequence, repeat these three words code, under normal circumstances it would be repeated 29 times, but it's disease patients will be repeated at least 35 times, redundant protein sequence generation, there is a tendency to crystallization of the medical community that this is the destruction of nerve cells in the culprit.

目前舞蹈症仍是不治之症，患者多數在30歲左右發病，先是手腳不斷抖動，慢慢地患者再無法控制四肢的行動，最後還會喪失心智 能力，大約在發病十年後喪生。 Currently chorea is still an incurable disease, most patients with onset around the age of 30, first shake hands constantly and slowly limbs were no longer able to control the action, will be the ultimate loss of mental abilities, some years after the onset of death. 每年夏天凱莉全家都會一起去露營，凱莉很在意已經發作在姊姊身上的病情，跟丈夫討論是否要生小孩後，凱莉決定接受基因檢測。 Every summer the family would go camping Kelly, Kelly is very concerned about attacks in the sister who has the illness, with her husband after discussing whether to have children, Kelly decided to undergo genetic testing. 遺傳杭廷頓氏舞蹈症的機率是一半一半，照料父親直到他過世的凱莉和丈夫，很清楚這種病的症狀和病程，在凱莉接受檢查的醫院， 患者必須接受6個月的心理諮商，在他們做好心理準備後，院方才會揭曉檢查結果。 Huntington's disease genetic probability is half and half, take care of his father until he died, Kelly and her husband, it is clear the symptoms and course of the disease, Kelly checked in the hospital, patients must be 6 months of psychological counseling, they mentally prepared, the hospital had just test results will be announced.

人類基因研究計畫，已經進行了將近十年，這段期間人類基因組中十萬個基因，科學家已解譯出十分之一，並找出約7千個致病基 因，世界各國都已投入研究，試圖深入瞭解基因致病的機制，進而研發出有效的基因療法。 Human gene research projects have been carried out for almost a decade, this period in the human genome 100 000 genes, scientists have interpreted the one-tenth, and find out about 7 1 000 disease genes, have been involved in research around the world trying to understand mechanisms of disease genes, and then develop effective gene therapy.

細胞移植 Cell transplantation
帕金森氏症是黑質代謝異常引起的，而黑質是細胞產生神經傳導 物質多巴胺的所在，瑞典和美國醫學界都已開始就細胞移植療法進行臨床實驗，移植療法乃是採用墮胎的胎兒腦細胞，取出後直接注射到患者腦部，目前已有病例顯 示，原本無法自行站立的帕金森氏症患者，接受這種療法後，又可以走路了，但這種療法引爆了一場道德論戰，因為它使用墮胎的胎兒，如今科學界正研究一種操控 生命的新方法，以便解決這個問題。 Parkinson's disease is a metabolic disorder caused by substantia nigra, and substantia nigra are cells where the neurotransmitter dopamine, Sweden and the U.S. medical community have started clinical trials of cell transplantation therapies, transplantation therapy using abortion, fetal brain but cells were removed and directly injected into the brain, there are already cases show that the original can not be self-standing Parkinson's disease patients, after receiving this therapy, but also to walk, but this therapy detonated a moral debate, because It uses the abortion of the fetus, and now scientists are studying a new method of manipulating life, in order to solve this problem.

哈佛醫學院的，艾文‧席德博士已經研發出一種方法，不需要墮胎的胎兒就可以取得移植用的細胞，他成功地研發出一種技術，利用 皮氏培養皿繁殖細胞，讓它長成腦細胞，這些是人體的神經幹細胞，它可以長成腦細胞，短短一個星期，細胞便可增生一百萬倍。 Harvard Medical School, Alvin ‧ Xideboshi have developed a method of abortion, the fetus does not need to obtain cells for transplants, he successfully developed a technology that uses a Petri dish for breeding cell, let it grow into brain cells, these are human neural stem cells that can grow into brain cells, just one week, cell proliferation can be a million times. 艾文‧席德博士表示幹細胞不但可以取代細胞，還可以帶入外來有療效的基因，就好像木馬屠城記的木馬，木馬被帶進特洛伊城，士 兵就藏在馬腹內，這細胞會進到腦部，同時帶進具有療效的基因，這些細胞會變成腦的一部份，同時也帶進外來的基因。 Alvin ‧ Xideboshi that stem cells can not only replace the cells, but also a therapeutic gene into the outside, like Trojan Horses Trojan, Trojan horses are brought into the city of Troy, the soldiers hidden in the horse abdomen, which cells into the the brain at the same time into a therapeutic gene, these cells will become part of the brain, but also into the foreign genes.

席德博士正進行實驗，把人類的神經幹細胞，移植到老鼠的胚胎內，移植結果顯示，人類的神經幹細胞會在老鼠的腦部落地生根， 成長為組成腦部的細胞、神經元和膠質細胞，一切順利的話，席德博士希望兩年後開始在人體進行基因療法。 Xideboshi is conducting experiments to the human neural stem cells transplanted into mouse embryos, the transplantation showed that human neural stem cells take root in the rat brain, growth for the composition of the brain cells, neurons and glial cells all goes well, after two years Xideboshi hope to conduct gene therapy in humans.

去年11月，美國的研究人員成功培養出人體胚胎幹細胞，ES 細胞，也就是胚胎幹細胞，被視為下個世紀開啟無數醫學大門的鑰匙。 Last year in November, U.S. researchers have successfully cultured human embryonic stem cells, ES cells, embryonic stem cells is seen as the next century, the key to open the door to numerous medical.

大阪大學的濱田弘志教授研究老鼠的ES細胞已有一段時間，ES細胞和受精卵一樣都是全能的，也就是說它可能長成身體的各種 細胞，掌控基因的活動後，人類如今可以培養細胞，留住這種驚人的能力。 Osaka University Research Professor Tian Hongzhi Bin mouse ES cells for some time, ES cells and fertilized eggs are the same as the all-powerful, that it could grow into a variety of body cells control gene activity, can now be cultured human cells , to keep this amazing ability. 濱田弘志教授認為ES細胞和其它細胞，最大的差別在於它是全能的，它可以成長各種細胞，他最終的目標是要控制ES細胞變化的 模式。 Bin Professor Tian Hongzhi that ES cells and other cells, the biggest difference is that it is all-powerful, it can grow a variety of cells, his ultimate goal is to change the mode of control ES cells. 心肌細胞也就是心臟肌肉的細胞，它是由ES細胞分化而來的，治療心肌梗塞、心肌病變等心臟疾病的方法，可能因為ES細胞而徹 底改變，ES細胞添加維生素A酸後，會長成神經元、膠質細胞等，維生素A酸正是它長成腦細胞的觸媒，人為操控的ES細胞基因，可望成為治療帕金森氏症和， 舞蹈症等疾病的良藥。 Myocardial cells that is the heart muscle cells, which come from the ES cell differentiation, and treatment of myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy and other heart diseases, it is possible because the ES cells and completely changed, ES cells of vitamin A acid, the president into a nerve element, such as glial cells, vitamin A acid is that it grow into brain cells, catalysts, artificial manipulation of the ES cell gene, expected to be the treatment of Parkinson's disease and, chorea and other diseases in medicine.

日後我們能不能像更換故障的機器零件一樣輕易更換身體的器官？ Can we change the future failure of machine parts as easily as changing the body's organs? 果真付諸實現，「生命」將不再是我們所瞭解的模樣，不久後個人基因資料的取得，將是輕而易舉的事，而基因資料正是這類療法的 根本。 Really put into practice, "life" will no longer look like we know, shortly after the acquisition of personal genetic data, will be easy, but this type of gene therapy is the fundamental data.

科學家在芝加哥近郊的國立阿爾岡實驗室，正著手製作名為「DNA晶片」的玻片，每個晶片有數萬個不到百分之一毫米的小洞，每 個洞可植入含有一萬3千個字碼的DNA序列，序列發現正在尋找的DNA後，便可計算字碼的序列，玻片滴上血液採樣後只要幾秒鐘，便可取得某項疾病的基因訊 息。 Scientists in the Chicago suburb of Algonquin National Laboratory, is working on production called "DNA chips" in the slide, there are tens of thousands each chip less than 1% mm hole, each hole can be implanted with 10 000 3 1000 code of the DNA sequence of the DNA found in looking after the code sequence can be calculated, the blood sample on the slide after dropping just a few seconds, you will have a disease of genetic information.

國立阿爾岡實驗室哈維‧德呂克博士表示，一旦擁有完整的基因組資料，該怎麼使用？ ‧ Delluc Algonquin National Laboratory, Dr. Harvey said that once the complete genome has information how to use it? 誰可以拿到這些資料？ Who can get this information? 何時可用？ When available? 如何確保拿到資料的人能善盡責任，不用在損人的用途，所謂「損人」的意思是，比方你來投保健康險，但我們卻不願承保，你可能 罹患的5種疾病。 How to ensure people can get information fulfill the responsibility, not at the expense of people's use of so-called "loss" and mean, for example, to cover your health insurance, but we do not want insurance, you may be suffering from the five kinds of diseases.

俄亥俄州的泰瑞莎‧莫瑞里投保健康險時，曾附上一份健康證明，註明她已過世的父親患有舞蹈症，保險公司拒絕承保，他們沒有說 明拒絕受理的原因，就只是退回，她已經支付的35塊美金。 Ohio Mother ‧ Murray in health insurance coverage when he accompanied a health certificate stating that she has passed away father with chorea, the insurance company refused to cover, they do not accept the reasons for refusal, it is returned that she had paid 35 dollars. 泰瑞莎‧莫瑞里非常憤怒，她本身是律師，竭盡所能做事，根據當時俄亥俄州的法律，她不能控告保險公司，州政府也還沒立法，根 據美國聯邦法律，消費者是不能控告保險公司承保時有歧視的情形，保險公司會拒絕承保根據的就是基因測試，或有基因病史，或所謂「已存在」的狀況，也就是遺 傳性疾病。 Mother ‧ Murray in a very angry, she is a lawyer and do their best work, according to Ohio law at that time, she can not sue the insurance companies, state government has yet to legislation, according to federal law, consumers can not sue insurance companies when there is discrimination cases, insurance companies refuse coverage is based on genetic testing, or genetic history, or so-called "existing" conditions, that is, genetic disease.

日後人類將怎樣使用，基因資訊？ How will the future use of human genetic information? 在大西洋極北，擁有27萬人口的島國冰島，個人的基因資料成 了激烈論戰的焦點，98年12月冰島通過全國個人基因資料庫法案，引爆了這場論戰，根據「健康部門資料庫法案」，政府可以指定民間企業，蒐集國民個人的基 因資料，作為國民健康管理之用，這家企業也可以就這些資料進行分析，並將它當作商品銷售，國會議員對這項法案，各持己見，雄辯滔滔，部分冰島國會議員認為 這項法案完全違反公平正義的原則，這麼重大的議題，支持者真能負得起責任？ In the far north Atlantic Ocean, the island has a population of 270,000, Iceland, personal genetic data became the focus of intense debate, on December 98, Iceland, personal genetic information through the National Library Act, set off this debate, under "Library Bill of health sector" , the Government can specify the private sector to collect information on the National Personal De gene, is a national health management Zhiyong, this family enterprise Ye can respond to these资料was analyzed and Ta Dangzuoshangpin Xiao Shou, Congress Yiyuan on the bill, disagree , eloquent, some members of Congress that the bill Iceland completely contrary to the principles of fairness and justice, such a major issue, supporters can really afford to bear the responsibility? 於是堅決反對。 So firmly opposed. 國會最後以37票贊成，21票反對通過法案，首開國際社會立 法的先例，賦予政府掌控國民基因資料的權力。 Congress last of 37 votes in favor and 21 votes against to pass the bill, the first legislation of precedent to open the international community to give the government power to control the national genetic data.

冰島衛生部長茵吉柏格‧帕馬多提認為，這是冰島公共衛生與醫療照護體系的一大突破，這項法案將使許多新藥物得以問世，無數 疾病得以防範於未然，對於飽受疾病折磨，等待一帖良藥的人們，這將是一大利多。 Iceland's Minister of Health Yin Ji Boge ‧ Pamaduoti that this is the Icelandic public health and health care system a major breakthrough, the bill will allow many new drugs to come out, many diseases to preventive measures, for suffering from the disease torture, waiting for a quote good medicine for people, this will be a boon.

冰島國會議員歐慕德‧約納森則認為，民間企業可以接觸到全國民眾的資料，藥廠可以利用這類資料，想起來真令人不寒而慄，資 料外洩是勢所難免的，其結果將是患者本身和他的家人，都會受到歧視。 Iceland Congress Oumu De ‧ Jonathan believes that private enterprise can come into contact with people across the country information, pharmaceutical companies can use such information, to think of it really chilling, data leakage is inevitable, and the results will be is the patients themselves and his family will be discriminated against.

維京人在一千多年前，發現冰島並在此定居，一千年來移出、移入的人相當有限，人口結構十分穩定，因此千年前的家譜，流傳到 現在，絲毫不足為奇。 Vikings a thousand years ago, found in Iceland and in this settlement, out of a thousand years, people moved very limited, the population structure is very stable, so thousands of years ago the family tree, spread to now, no surprise. 家譜包括有歷代祖先在內，共一百萬人的記錄，這些都是無價之寶，可以提供線索，找出引發某種疾病的基因，例如，針對家族中有 某種病史的人，可以找出他們的DNA序列，如果某種序列只出現在罹病的族人身上，這便是相關基因的序列。 Genealogy including ancestors, including a total of 100 million records, these are priceless, can provide clues to lead to a disease gene, for example, have a family history for people who can find their DNA sequence, if a sequence of only tribe in the diseased body, which is related gene sequences. 冰島政府不斷重申新法案的好處，強調人民將可以得知，自己可能罹患哪些疾病，而且隨著新藥物的問世，社會福利和醫療照護支 出，可望大幅減少。 Iceland's Government has repeatedly reiterated the benefits of the new bill, emphasized that people will be able to tell, what diseases themselves, and with the advent of new drugs, social welfare and health care spending is expected to be substantially reduced.

解碼遺傳學 Decode Genetics
這家生物科技公司正在討論可不可能和冰島政府，簽訂獨家授權合約，這家公司正嘗試和醫師以及患者合作，找出35種致病基因。 The biotechnology company is discussing the government can not and Iceland signed exclusive license agreements, the company is trying to cooperate and physicians and patients to identify 35 kinds of pathogenic genes. 取得的患者資料，將全部輸入電腦，患者個人的病史等健康資料，以及婚姻、吸煙、墮胎，心理狀態等，甚至髮色、膚色等都是蒐集 的對象，更重要的是患者家族的病史也會輸入電腦，研究人員將採集每個人的血液樣本，從中取出DNA，根據這份完整的資料，政府可以有系統地找出致病基因。 Patients obtained information will be fully entered into the computer, the patient's medical history and other personal health information, and marriage, smoking, abortion, mental state, and even hair color, skin color and other objects are collected, more importantly, patients with family history also entered into the computer, researchers will collect blood samples from each person, from out DNA, according to the complete information, the government can systematically identify the causative gene. 「解碼」利用高速分析儀，解讀每個人的DNA序列，成功地找出一個引發風濕性關節病變的基因。 "Decoding" high-speed analysis instrument, interpretation of each person's DNA sequence, to successfully identify a cause of rheumatic joint disease genes. 瑞士的羅德大藥廠投資「解碼」的金額已高達24億日圓，因為這類基因資料對於新藥的開發，有著極高的價值。 Swiss pharmaceutical companies invest in Rhodes, "decoding" the amount has reached 2.4 billion yen, because such genetic information for drug development, has great value. 解碼公司總裁暨執行長卡利‧史蒂芬生表示，目前「解碼」已經收集了一萬三千人的血液樣本，以及六萬人的家譜，個人的基因資 料，成了一本萬利的生意。 Decoding Cali's president and CEO ‧ Stevenson said that at present, "decoding" has collected 13,000 blood samples of people and six million people in the family tree, personal genetic information, has become a big profit business.

冰島大學演化生物暨人口遺傳學教授艾納‧安納森，正透過網際 網路舉辦全球性的討論會，表達他反對這項法律的立場。 University of Iceland Professor of Evolutionary Biology and Population Genetics, Aina ‧ Anna Sen, is organized through the Internet will be a global discussion and expressed his opposition to the law's position. 他認為這種情況太畸形了，冰島的情況真的是一大錯誤，根據這項法案，國家可以名正言順削減社會福利支出，有些行業卻從中圖牟 利，這是非常偏差的現象，冰島將國民的基因資料，納入系統管理，以及因此而生的商機，衍生了種種難解的問題，我們的基因究竟是誰所有？ He believes this is too deformed, and the situation in Iceland is really a big mistake, according to the bill, the state can justifiably cut social welfare spending, but some industries that profit from this phenomenon is very biased, Iceland to nationals genetic information into the system management, and therefore students opportunities, rise to all kinds of hard problems, our genes who is all? 社會應該怎樣，看待這樣的所有權？ How should the community, think of this title?

柳澤敬子認為基因資料應該只在本人要求時，透露給本人知道，沒有經過本人允許，即使是最親近的家人，也不應該被告知，政府 優先享有資料的所有權，簡直就是荒謬，這種情況非常危險，值得我們憂心。 Liu Zejing child that genetic data should only be in my request, disclose to me to know, without my permission, even if it is a close family, and should not be told that the Government give priority to enjoy the ownership of information, is simply absurd, this is highly danger, we should worry about. 對於實地從事研究的科學家來說，這樣的資料確實是夢寐以求 的，以冰島的狀況來說，政府主管基因資料，當然可以加快研究的腳步，但加快研究所產生的成果，藉助已有的研究方法，假以時日一樣可以做到，加快腳步或許是 好事一樁，因為大家都急著想找出治病的方法，但快不見得就好，更重要的是我們要步步為營，衡量相關的道德議題，不要違反自然。 For the field research of scientists, such information is indeed a dream to Iceland's position, the Government competent genetic information, of course, can accelerate the pace of research, but speed up the research results produced, using existing methods in time can still be done to speed up the pace might be a good thing, because we are anxious to find out the treatment method, but faster is not necessarily like, but more importantly is that we must tread cautiously, measured from the relevant ethical issues, do not violate Nature.

此刻，連還沒有誕生的下一代，都開始接受基因測試，加州政府便針對產前篩檢，提供經費補助，檢查是否有先天缺陷，並沒有補 助，但孕婦進行更精確的羊膜穿刺檢查則是免費。 At the moment, not even the birth of the next generation, are beginning to undergo genetic testing for prenatal screening in California Government, to provide subsidies to check for birth defects, and no subsidies, but more precise pregnant women amniocentesis is Free. 州政府將負擔這項費用，知道腹中的胎兒有唐氏症候群等異常狀況時，多數婦女會選擇墮胎，雖然墮胎是否違反道德，以及殘障人士 的生命權等，都還有爭議，但仍有越來越多人傾向接受產前診斷。 State government will pay this fee, that the unborn baby has Down syndrome and other anomalies O'clock, Duoshu Women Xuanze abortions, although Duotaishifou Wei Fan ethics, as well as other disabled persons of Sheng Ming Quan, Du Hai You dispute, Danreng You more and more people tend to accept prenatal diagnosis.

阿爾菲根遺傳學院潘美拉‧藍道夫博士認為，它的好處不只是發現先天性缺陷，事實上如果完全從經濟的角度出發，因為有某些先天 性缺陷的新生兒減少了，所以也算是好事。 Alfie root Genetic Institute Pamela ‧ Blue Road Fu Boshi that it benefits not only to detect congenital defects, in fact, entirely from the economic point of view, because of the reduction of certain birth defects in newborns, so can be considered good. 估計扶養一個唐氏症，也就是所謂蒙古症患者，一輩子的大概要 50萬美金。 Estimated to raise a Down's syndrome, also known as Down's Syndrome patients, a lifetime of probably five hundred thousand dollars.

該如何使用基因科技？ The use of gene technology? 這是個值得深思的問題，但答覆這個問題的線索卻在DNA本 身。 This is a question worth pondering, but clues to answer this question is in the DNA itself. 深入瞭解鐮狀血球貧血症，這種由第11對染色體基因突變引起的疾病，我們將可瞭解基因驚人的演化能力，鐮狀血球貧血這種疾 病，是因為正常情況下呈圓盤狀柔軟的紅血球，僵化而且變成鐮刀狀，因此無法順利輸送氧氣，結果便是呼吸困難，肝臟和腎臟的負荷加重，免疫系統也出現缺陷， 這種疾病可能會致人於死。 Understanding of sickle blood cells anemia, which by the gene mutation on chromosome 11 cause the disease, we will be able to understand the evolution of gene amazing ability to sicklemia the disease, because under normal circumstances cylindrical soft crusts red blood cells become rigid and sickle-shaped and can not successfully carry oxygen, the result is difficulty breathing, increasing the load on the liver and kidneys, immune system defects also occur, the disease may be fatal.

鐮狀血球貧血，往往發生在非洲後裔身上。 Sicklemia, often occur in the body of African descent. 兩歲大的查理已經多次住院，每兩個月便發病一次，70年代在美國，鐮狀血球貧血患者無論就業就學都飽受歧視，患者的基因，為 什麼會發生突變？ Charles two years old has been hospitalized several times, once every two months to disease, and 70 years in the United States, sicklemia patients are suffering from discrimination in schooling and employment, the patient's genes, why would a mutation? 始作俑者是非洲的生活環境。 Initiator of the living environment in Africa.

肯亞維多莉亞湖畔的城鎮奇穌姆，有4萬人口，長久以來，瘧疾 一直是這兒公共衛生最大的問題，沼澤地帶蚊子叢生，加上密集的人口，提供了傳染瘧疾最理想的環境，居民被帶有瘧疾原蟲的瘧蚊叮咬後，便會染患瘧疾，瘧疾原 蟲進入人體後，破壞血球，肝臟、脾臟等細胞。 Kenya, Lake Victoria town of Jesus Church Farm, 4 million people, a long time, malaria has been the biggest public health problem here, marsh mosquitoes plagued areas, coupled with high population density, provides the ideal environment for transmission of malaria residents with the malaria parasite in the mosquitoes are biting, it will, infected with malaria parasite enters the human body, the destruction of blood cells, liver, spleen and other cells. 但醫學界認為，鐮狀血球患者由於紅血球的含氧量過低，瘧疾原蟲無法增生，國立衛生研究院亞倫‧薛詩特博士解釋，帶有鐮狀紅血 球基因的人，抵抗瘧疾感染及感染瘧疾重症後的存活率，都比沒有這類基因的人高，醫學界也相信正因為如此，非洲熱帶和中、東部地區，有鐮狀血球基因的人非常 多，患者要同時遺傳父母親的，這項基因才會發病，一家如果有4個小孩，其中兩個不但不會發病，也不容易感染瘧疾。 But the medical community that patients with sickle blood cells are too low because the oxygen content of red blood cells, malaria parasites can not hyperplasia, National Institutes of Health, explained Aaron ‧ Dr. Xue Shite with the people of sickle-cell gene, resistance to malaria infection and The survival rate after severe malaria, than those who do not have such high gene, the medical profession also believe that is why the African tropics and in the eastern region, the sickle gene are very much blood, the patient should also genetic parents , and the disease gene before, one if there are four children, two of which will not only not the disease, is not susceptible to malaria.

就在不久前，在美國即使只遺傳到一個鐮狀血球基因的人，也會受到歧視。 Not long ago, in the United States even if only to a genetic sickle gene in human blood, will be discriminated against. 由此看來，基因已經超越人類社會的期望，它們不斷演化、多樣化，適應各種不同的環境。 From this, Gene has gone beyond the expectations of human society, they are evolving, diversity, adapt to different environments. 學者也在實驗室中，觀察到多樣化的重要性，對達爾文學派的「天擇說」，向來存疑的大阪大學工程學院教授Yomo哲家，著手從 事自己的實驗，他用燒瓶做了個密閉環境，讓兩種大腸桿菌共處一室，其中一種大腸桿菌，吸收營養的能力極強，另一種則較弱。 Scholars also the laboratory, observed the importance of diversification, on the Darwin school's "natural selection, said," has always been doubts about the Osaka University Institute of Philosophy, Professor Yomo home, set in their own experiments, he made a closed flask environment for the two kinds of E. coli in a room, and one of E. coli, strong ability to absorb nutrients, and the other was relatively weak. Yomo哲家教授解釋，在連續培養的環境中培養大腸桿菌，研 究它演化的過程，可以把它想像成一座小池塘，在池塘裡放進多種大腸桿菌，以便它們彼此競爭，燒瓶接出一條管子，大腸桿菌會從管子尾端滴落，收集滴落的大腸 桿菌加以計算，便可追蹤燒瓶內的變化，反覆實驗了好幾次，能力弱的大腸桿菌，還是存活了下來。 Yomo Philosophy and professors explained that in an environment of continuous culture of E. coli culture, study its evolutionary process, it can be thought of as a small pond, the pond into the various E. coli so that they compete with each other, take out a tube flask , E. coli from the pipe end of the drip, drip of the E. coli collection to be calculated, the changes can be tracked within the flask, several times repeated experiments, weak capacity of E. coli, or survived.

Yomo哲家教授發現，即使在競爭激烈的環境中，基因的多樣性也不會喪失，研究發現兩、三種大腸桿菌，可以存活共處一處，競 爭的同時還能共存，基因自有它的對策，能讓強者和弱者和平共存，而共存的結果便是多樣化。 Yomo Philosophy and professors found that, even in the highly competitive environment, genetic diversity is not lost, the study found two-, three kinds of E. coli, can survive a coexistence, competition can co-exist at the same time, gene own reasons Strategy , allow the peaceful coexistence of the strong and weak, while the co-existence is the result of diversification.

身為科學家，且深受不明疾病所苦的柳澤敬子，相信讓人類受盡折磨的疾病和殘缺，正是人類基因總和的基因庫，多樣化的明證。 As a scientist, and deeply bitter Liu Zejing disease of unknown child, believed tortured to human diseases and defects, it is the sum of the gene pool of human genes, a variety of proof. 人類有個基因庫，它包括了人類所有的基因，基因庫發生突變 時，就表示人類的基因，正設法藉由多樣化，適應環境，適應這個地球，基因多樣化就一定會衍生疾病，這是無法避免的。 Human beings have a gene pool, which includes all human genes, genetic mutation depot, says that human genes, and are seeking through Duoyang Hua, adapt, adapt to this Earth, genetic diversity will certainly rise to disease, which is inevitable. 我們可以說讓人生病，或對個人有害的基因，是壞的基因，但就全體人類而言，並沒有所謂有害的基因，這是不可能的，如果有個基 因被認為是「有害的」，那是因為我們的社會不好，而不是基因本身的問題，因為基因本來就是這樣的，它們在一定的程度上，一定會帶來疾病，所以會有一定比例 的新生兒，有嚴重的先天性瑕疵，一定比例的人，生來就有肢體障礙，有待整個社會伸出援手，社會必須思考這個問題，這不是個人的問題。 We can say that people are sick, or personal harmful genes, bad genes, but to all humans, and there is no harmful gene, which is impossible, if genes are considered "harmful" , it is because our society is not good, but not the gene itself, because the gene was originally like this, they are certain extent, will bring the disease, so there will be a certain proportion of newborns with severe congenital of defects, a certain proportion of people born with physical disabilities, yet the whole community a helping hand, society must think about this question, this is not a personal problem. 總會有一定比例的人，有著先天性殘障，如果一個人生來就有殘缺，而碰巧那個人不是你我，那是因為他代我們，背起了重擔，因此 我們必須竭盡所能，對他們伸出援手。 There will always be a certain percentage of people who have a congenital disability, if a man to have incomplete, and happened to that person is not you and I, on behalf of us it is because he, shouldered the burden, so we must do all we can to them lend a helping hand.

有著強烈的使命感的柳澤敬子，希望以自己的經歷和識見，對人類做出特殊的貢獻，我們不應該阻礙，科學研究的進步，即使我們沒 能全然達成目標，日後我們的子孫回顧起來，都會覺得我們確實盡力了。 Have a strong sense of mission Liu Zejing child, want to own experience and knowledge have made special contributions to mankind, we should not impede, the progress of scientific research, even if we did not completely reach a goal, the future of our children and grandchildren in retrospect, will feel that we do best. 界定基因科技和研究的底線，這些都是和我們息息相關的議題，我們應該深思，決策時更加謹慎，這個問題不是未來才會浮現，我們 必須明白這一點，並且盡我們最大的努力。 Jie Ding gene technology and study the bottom line, these are closely linked, and our subject, we must ponder, decision-making more Jinshen, this问题not in the future will emerge, we must understand this and do our best.

接受檢查後6個月，凱莉迪瑞米吉歐得知，她也帶有罹患舞蹈症 的基因。 6 months after screening,凯莉迪瑞米guyot that she suffered from chorea with genes. 日本醫學界已經著手研究治療舞蹈症的方法，新瀉大學的研究人員將致病基因植入老鼠體內，成功培育出全球第一隻，出現近似舞蹈 症癥狀的老鼠，由於這項突破，醫學界可望瞭解此基因如何破壞神經細胞。 Japan has already started studying medical treatment of chorea way, Niigata University, researchers disease genes into mice, successfully bred the world's only, there's disease symptoms similar to mice, a result of this breakthrough, the medical profession understand how this gene is expected to destroy nerve cells. 新瀉大學腦研究學院迕莊次博士說明，現在有一隻老鼠實驗模型，在它身上準確地複製舞蹈症的一切症狀，預料我們很快可以得知， 它的腦內究竟有哪些變化，接著我們便可著手研究療法。 Niigata University Brain Research Institute, Dr. Wu Shoji note, there is now a mouse experimental model, in which the body's disease accurately reproduce all the symptoms, you can expect we will soon learn what it actually changes the brain, then we of treatment can be started.

杭廷頓氏舞蹈症是基因突變引起的，藉由操控這個基因，我們可 以瞭解它的致病機制並可望治癒它。 Huntington's disease is caused by mutations, by manipulating the genes, we can understand its pathogenesis and is expected to cure it. 由不同的基因庫，殖入一個基因，人類可望以自己的基因，改寫命運，它的力量將主宰21世紀子子孫孫的生活。 By a different gene pool, cloned into a gene, human genes is expected to own, rewrite the fate of its power will dominate the 21st century, children and grandchildren's lives.

（原翻者：王瓊淑；公視研發部整理 (Original translation by: Wang Qiongshu; public order, as the R & D ） )