¹q®e¡B¹qªý»P¹q¸ô
¹q®e
¹q®e¾¹ (capacitors)
¹q®e Capacitance
q = C V
¹q®e C ªº·N¸q¬O¡A¦h¤Ö¹q²üªºª`¤J¡]©Î»¡¤ÀÂ÷¡^¡A¤~¯àÅý¹q®e¾¹ (capacitor) ªº¹q¦ì´£ª@¤@¥ñ¯S¡C
±q¥t¤@Ó¨¤«×¨Ó»¡¡A¹q®e¾¹¬O¶J¦s¹q¯à¡]·íµM¤]¬O¹q²ü¡^ªº¤¸¥ó¡A¥¦¬O³z¹L¦bªÅ¶¡¤¤«Ø¥ß¹q³õªº¤è¦¡¹F¨ì¡]³o¬O»Ýnªá¶O¯à¶q¥N»ùªº¡^¡C
C ¥u»P¸Ë¸mªº´X¦ó¦³Ãö¡C¥H¥ªO¹q®e¬°¨Ò¡A¹q®eÈ»PªOªº±a¹q¶q¤ÎªO¤§¶¡ªº¹q¦ì®tµLÃö¡C
¹q®eªºpºâ
µ¦²¤·Qªk
¹q®e¬O¶J¦s¹q²üªº¤¸¥ó¡A¦Ó¦³¹q²ü´N·|¦³¹q³õ¡A¦]¦¹³y¦¨¹q¦ì®t¡C¦p¦¹¡Aq = C V ªº q »P V ´N¦³¤F¡A¥i±o C¡C
¡]¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦b¹q¸£ RAM ªºì²z¤W¡A¹q®eY¥Øªº´N¬O¶J¦s¹q²ü¥H«Ø¥ß¹q¦ì¡A¨£ "¬ì§Þªºì²z 1, 2 "¡^
«ä¦Ò¡G°£¤F°t¸m¹q²ü¤§¥~¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ä¥L¿ìªk¦bªÅ¶¡¤¤¡A«Ø¥ßÀR¹q³õ¡]»P®É¶¡µLÃöªº¹q³õ¡^¡H
¥ýpºâ¹q³õ
¨Ï¥Î°ª´µ©w«ß¡A§Q¥Î¹ïºÙ©Êªº°Q½×¡A¨D¥X¸Ë¸m¤¤¹q³õ»P¹q²ü¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C
¦Apºâ¹q¦ì®t
¥H¹q³õ¹ï¶ZÂ÷¿n¤ÀÀò±o¹q¦ì®t¡C¦p¦¹«h±o¨ì¹q¦ì®t»P¹q²ü¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C
§Q¥Î q = C V¡A¬Ýµ¹¤J q ¥i¥H¦b¸Ó¸Ë¸m¤¤«Ø¥ß¦h¤Ö V¡A«h¥i©w¥X C ¡C
´XÓ¹q®e¾¹¤§¹q®eÈpºâªº½d¨Ò¡G
¡]½Ò¥»¤¤¦³¸Ô²Ó±À¾É¡A½Ð¦Û¦æ½T¹ê½m²ß¡^
¥¦æªO¹q®e¾¹
C = ε0 A / d
¨ä¤¤ A ¬O¥ªO±¿n¡Bd ¬O¶¡¶Z¡C¡]¹ïÃä½tªº¹q³õ¦³§@²z·Q¤Æªºªñ¦ü¡A¦ý±¿n¤j®É¤]¬O¤£¿ùªºªñ¦ü¡C¡^
¶ê¬W§Î¹q®e¾¹
C = 2πε0 L / ln(a/b)
¬Wªø L¡B¤º¥~®| a¡Bb
²y§Î¹q®e¾¹
C = 4πε0 a / (1- a/b)
³æ¿W²yÅé
¤W¦¡¤§ b → ∞¡A¨Ã°²³]¤º¥b®| a = R
C = 4πε0 R
¹q®e¾¹ªº¨ÃÁp»P¦êÁp
¨ÃÁp
¬Ý¹Ï 25-7 <22-7> ¡A¨ÃÁpªº¹q®e¾¹·P¨ü¨ì¦P¼Ëªº¹q¦ì®t¡A¤£¦P¹q®e¾¹«h¦U¦³¨ä²Ö¿nªº¹q²ü¡C¦X¦b¤@°_¬Ý¡A«h¬Û·í©ó¡A¦³¤@Ó¹q¦ì®t¡A³y¦¨ q1¡Bq2¡Bq3 ªº¹q²ü¤ÀÂ÷¡C¦]¦¹Á`©Mªº¹q²ü¤ÀÂ÷¬O
q = q1 + q2 + q3 = C1 V + C2 V + C3 V
= (C1 + C2 + C3) V = Ceq V
±q¤ñ¸û§ÚÌ¥i¥H¬Ý¥X
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
¬G¨ÃÁpªº¹q®e¾¹
Ceq = Σi=1n Ci
¦êÁp
¹Ï 25-8 <22-8>
¤ÀÂ÷ªº¹q²ü¶q¦b¨CÓ¦êÁp¦b¤@°_¹q®e¾¹³£¤@¼Ë¡]¦]¬°¦b¦P¤@±ø¹q½u¤W¡^¡A ¦Ó¹qÀ£°¡]§Y¹q¦ì®t¡^«h¥Ñ³o¨Ç¹q®e¾¹¤À¨É¡C
1/Ceq = Σi=1n 1/Ci
Àx¦s¦b¹q³õ¤¤ªº¯à¶q
±q§@¥\ªºÆ[©À¨Ó«ä¦Ò¡G
¦b¤@¹q®e¾¹¤W¡A¤v¦³ q' ¹q²ü¨Ã«Ø¥ß¤F V' ¹q¦ì®t¡An¦A¦h²¾ dq ªº·L¤p¹q¶q§@¤ÀÂ÷¡A«h¨ä¦ì¯àÅܤƬ°¡]·L¶q¹q²ü¤£³y¦¨¦ì¶Õ V' ªºÅܤơ^
dW = V' dq' = ( q' / C ) dq
W = ∫ dW = 1/C ∫0a q' dq' = q'2 / 2C
¦]¦¹Àx¦sªº¦ì¯à¬O
U = q2 / 2C
¤]¥iªí¥Ü¦¨
U = 1/2 C V2
±a¹q¤§¹q®e¾¹ªº¹q¦ì¯à¥iµø¬°¬OÀx¦s¦b¨âªO¶¡«Ø¥ßªº¹q³õ
Äa¯B¯»¹ÐÃz¬µ
¡]½Ò¤å¶}³¹°ÝÃD¡A¦p¦ó¨¾¤î¡^
¤wª¾Äa¯B¯»¹Ð¨ì¹FÃz¬µªºµ{«×»Ý³Ì¤p¤õªá¯à¶q¬ù 150mJ ¡]ì¦]¡A¯à¶q³W¼Ò¤pªºÂI¤õ¡A¤Þ°_ªº¿U¿N³W¼Ò©|¤£¨¬¥H³y¦¨¦MÀI¡^¡C¯»¹ÐÃz¬µµLªk§¹¥þ¹w¨¾¡A¬GÀô¦w¤uµ{¥H¨î¹q¤õªá¯à¶qµÛ¤â¡C±N¤Hµø¬°¨°ª¤j¤pªº²y§Î¹q®e¡C®Ú¾Ú¤½¦¡ºâ¥X±aÀR¹q 4 ¸U¥ñ¥ª¥k§Y¶J¯à¹F 150 mJ¡C¦]¦¹¼t¤º³]¸m¾É¹q¦aªO°È¨Ï¤Hû±a¹qÁ`¬O»·¤p©ó¦¹¤@¼ÆÈ¥H¤U¡C
¨ÒÃD 25-4 ¿N¿S¶Ë¥Î¤§°ªÀ£®ñ¯f§ÉµÛ¤õ
¯à¶q±K«×
¥H¥¦æªO¬°¨Ò¡A¯à¶q±K«×
u = U / Ad = C V2 / 2Ad
¦]¬° C = ε0 A / d ¡A ©Ò¥H¯à¶q±K«×»P¹q³õªºÃö«Y¬O¡G
u = 1/2 ε0 E2
¥H¤Wµ¹ªG¦b¤@¯ë´kªp¤]³£¥¿½T¡A¤£¶È¥¦æªO¹q®e¾¹¡C
¤º§t¤¶¹q½è¤§¹q®e¾¹
ªk©Ô²Ä¦b 1837 ¦~±´°Q¡AY¥Î«D¾ÉÅé¨Ó¶ñ¤J¹q®eªº¨âÓªO¤§¶¡¡A¹q®eÈ·|«ç¼ËÅܤơH¡]ªk©Ô²Äªº¹êÅ稣¹Ï 25-12¡^
¡]¦]¦¹¹q®e³æ¦ì¥H¥L©R¦W¡^¥L¹êÅ礣¦P§÷®Æ¡A¥H κ ¨Ó¥Nªí¶ñ¤J«á¹q®e¼W¥[ªº¿¼Æ¡A¥L±N¤§ºÙ¬°¸Ó§÷®Æªº¤¶¹q±`¼Æ¡C¨£ªí¡C
¥[¤J¤¶¹q½èªº°Æ§@¥Î¬O¤Þ¤J¤F¯à©Ó¨ü¹q¦ì®tªº¤WÈ¡AºÙ¹q±Y¼ì¹qÀ£(¦ì¡^Vmax¡A¤@¥¹¶W¹L«h¤¶¹q§÷®Æ³Q¯}Ãa¦Ó§Î¦¨³q¸ô¡A¤¶¹q±j«×´yz¤F©Ó¨ü¥~¥[¹q³õªº¤W¡C
¦b¶ñº¡¤¶¹q±`¼Æ¬°κ ªº¤¶¹q§÷®ÆªºªÅ¶¡¤¤¡A©Ò¦³ÀR¹q¤½¦¡¤¤¥X²{ ε0 ªÌ¬Ò¥H κε0 Ȩú¥N§Y¥iÀò±o×¥¿¡C
¨Ò¦p¡AÂI¹q²ü¦b¤¶¹q½è¤¤ªº¹q³õ
E = q / 4πκε0 r2
¦Ó±a±¹q²ü±K«×ªº¾ÉÅé¡]¤£¥²¬O¥ªO¡A¦]¬°¹q³õ¥²««ª½©ó¾ÉÅéªí±¡^»P¤¶¹qȱµÄ²®É¡A¨äªí±¥~ªº¹q³õȬO
E = sigma / κε0
¹ï©ó¥¦æªO¹q®e¡A«h¦³¦P²z¦Ó¦³¤U¦C²{¶H¡A(a) ©T©w¹qÀ£®É»W¹q¶q¼W¥[¡A©Î (b) ©T©w¹q²ü¤ÀÂ÷¤U¹qÀ£¡]¹q¦ì®t¡^´î¤p¡G
¬°¤°»ò·|³o¼Ë¡Hn±q¤U¤@¸`·LÆ[ªº¹Ï¹³¥h¤F¸Ñ¡C
°ÝÃD°Q½×¡G§â¤¶¹qȶë¤J¤W¹Ï (a)¡B(b) ¨âºØ¸Ë¸m¤¤¦A²¾¨«¡A¯à¶q¦p¦óÅܤơH»Ý¤£»Ýn§@¥\¡H
¤¶¹q©Êªº·LÆ[¹Ï¹³
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¦p¤ô¡A¤ô¤À¤l¨ã¦³¥Ã¤[¹q°¸·¥¡A¥®É²V¶Ã±Æ¦C¡C¹Ï 25-13
°¸·¥±Æ¦C·|²£¥Í¤@Ó»P¥~¥[¹q³õ¤è¦V¬Û¤Ïªº¹q³õ
¡]ª`·N¹q°¸·¥¦V¶qªº©w¸q¡A¬O¥Ñt¹q²ü¥Xµo«ü¦V¥¿¹q²ü¡A¦Ó¹q³õªº©w¸q«h¬O¥Ñ¥¿¹q²ü¥Xµo«ü¦Vû¹q²ü¡C¦p¦¹©wªk¡A°¸·¥¦V¶q¥¦æ©ó¹q³õ¤è¦V·|°§CÁ`¯à¡C¡^
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¾aµÛ¥»¨¥¿t¹q²ü¨ü¹q³õ¼vÅTªº¼È®É¤ÀÂ÷
¹q³õ¡]¤Î¹q¦ì¡^¨ü¨ì§ïÅܪº¾÷¨î
¹q°¸·¥ªº±Æ¦C©Î»¤µo¨ÏªÅ¶¡¤¤ªº¹q³õÅܤp¡A³o¬O¦]¬°¡A¦©°£¤F¹q°¸·¥ÀY±µ§À©è®øªº®ÄÀ³«á¡AÁÙ¦³±¹q²ü¤À§G¨S¿ìªk©è®ø¡A¦Ó±¹q²ü¬O·|³y¦¨¹q³õªº¡]¨£¹Ï 25-14¡^¡C
q = C V¡A V Åܤp¡A¬G C Åܤj
¤¶¹q½è»P°ª´µ©w«ß
°ª´µ©w«ß¤´µM¦¨¥ß¡A¦ý²{¦b¦³±¹q²ü¥X²{¡A°ª´µ±¥]¦íªº²b¹q²üÅܤ֡]¹Ï 25-15¡^
¡A¬G¹q³õÅܤp¡C¡]ª`·N쥻¤½¦¡¬O¹q³q¶q¥¿¤ñ©ó q / ε0¡A¦b¤¶½è¤¤ ε0 -> κε0¡^
§Ú̦b¦¹·Qnªº¡A¬O¤@Ó¯à¼g¥X¦Û¥Ñ¹q²ü»P¹q³õªº°ª´µ©w«ß¡]»¤µo±¹q²ü¤£¤è«K³B²z»P´x´¤¡^
¥H¤U±À¾É¡G
ì ε0Φ = q¡AE0 = q / ε0 A
«á ε0Φ' = q - q' ¡AE = ( q - q' ) / ε0 A
¦Ó¤¶¹q½è¨Ï ¹q¦ì¡]§Y¹q³õ¼¥Hµ¥ªø«×¡^Åܤp 1/κ ¿¡]¤~·|³o¦¨¹q®eȼW¬°¡^¡A§Y
E = E0 / κ
§â«e±¨â¦¡ªº E0¡BE ¥N¤J¡A«h¦³
q - q' = q / κ
±o
κ( q - q' ) = q
¦Ó«e¤w¦³
ε0Φ' = q - q'
¥N¤J¤W¦¡¡A±o
κΦ' = q
¦]¦¹¡A°ª´µ©w«ß§ï¼g¬°
ε0 ∫CS κE · dA = q
¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¦b¤¶¹qȤ¤¡A¤@¼Ë¬O ε0 -> κε0 ¦ý¬°¤F³B²z¤£§¡¤Ã½è¡Aκ²¾¤J¿n¤À¤¤»P E ¼¦b¤@°_¸û¤è«K¡C
¦³¨Ç®ÑÄy§â¾ãÓ ε0κE ¥s°µ¹q¦ì²¾ D¡A«h¦³
∫CS D · dA = q
¹qªý
¹q¬y
n¦³²bªº¹q²ü²¾°Ê¤~¦³¹q¬y®ÄÀ³
i = dq / dt
dq ¬O³q¹LºI±ªº¹q²ü¼Æ
¦]¬° q »P t ³£¬O¯Â¶q¡Ai ¥²©w¤]¬O
¹q¬y±K«×
i = ∫ J · dA
Y§¡¤Ã
J = i / A
º}²¾³t²v
vd ≈ 10-5 or 10-4 m/s
v ≈ 106 m/s
J = n e vd
¹q³õ¦b¾ÉÅ餺¥H±µªñ¥ú³t¶i¦æ
¹qªý (Resistance) »P ¹qªý«Y¼Æ (Resistivity)
©w¸q
R = V / i
i = V / R
¹qªý«Y¼Æ
ρ = E / J
E = ρJ
¤W¨â¦¡¦bµ¥¦V©Ê (isotropic) §÷®Æ¦¨¥ß¡A§_«h·|¬O±i¶q§Î¦¡¡C
¥t©w ¶Ç¾É«Y¼Æ (conductivity)
σ = 1/ ρ
¥Ñ ¹qªý«Y¼Æ ¨Óºâ ¹qªý
E = V/L
J = i/A
«e¦³ ρ = E/J
¬G ρ = E/J = (V/L) / (i/A) = VA/ iL = (V/i) A/L = R A/L
²¾¶µ±o
R = ρ L/A
ÀH·Å«×ªºÅܤÆ
ρ - ρ0 = ρ0α(T - T0)
¨å«¬¤§ª÷ÄÝ ρ Ȫº·Å«×ÅܤơA¨£¹Ï 23-9
¼Ú©i©w«ß
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¡]Áö¥s "©w«ß" ¡A¨ä¹ê¶È¾A¥Î¬Y¨Ç§÷®Æ¡A³o¬O¾ú¥v¤Wªº²z¥Ñ³o¼Ë¥s¡C¡^
½Ðª`·N¡A¤£À³§â V = i R ¥s°µ¬O¼Ú©i©w«ß¡AV = i R ¬O¹qªýªº©w¸q R ≡ V / i
¼Ú©i©w«ß ¬O»¡¡A i »P V §e½u©Ê¡C
¼Ú©i©w«ß ªº·LÆ[¹Ï¹³
±À¾Éº}²¾³t²v
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a = F/m = eE/m
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vd = a τ = eE τ/ m
¤vª¾
J = n e vd
¬G
vd = J / ne = e E τ/ m
¾ã²z¥X E »P J ¶¡ªºÃö«Y
E = ( m / n e2 τ ) J
ρ = m / e2 n τ
Y¤Wz ρ ¬O»P¥~¥[¹q³õµLÃö¡A«h V »P i ´N·|§e½u©Ê¡C¦b¦¹ τ »P¹q³õ·|µLÃöªºì¦]¬O¡A¹q³õ³y¦¨ªºº}²¾³t²v»·¤p©ó veff¡A¬G veff ¤Î τ ¬Ò¤£¨ü¥~¥[¹q³õ¤j¤p©Ò¼vÅT¡C
vd ≈ 0.02 veff
¹q¸ôªº¹q¥\²v
¦b®É¶¡ dt ¤º¦³ i dt = dq ¨º¼Ë¶qªº¹q²ü¬y¹L°j¸ô¡A¦Ó°¤F¹qÀ£¡A¦]¦¹¹q¦ì¯à®t¬O
dU = V dq = V i dt
«h¥\²v¬°
dU/dt ≡ P = i V
ªí¥Ü¦¨ R = V / i
P = i V = i2 R
¤]¥iªí¥Ü¦¨
P = V2 / R
¥H¤Wªº¥\²v¯Ó´²³£¥Î©ó¹qªý©Ê¯Ó´² (resistive dissipation)
¹q¤O¿é°e½u¤WµL©úÅãÀ£°¡A¦ý«o¦³¬YÓ¹q¬y¤j¤p¡A¦]¦¹¾A¥Î P = i2 R ¦¡¡A¬°¤F´î¤Ö®ø¯Ó¡A¹q¬y¶V¤p¶V¦n¡A¬G¥u±o´£°ª¹qÀ£ ( P = i V )¡A¦]¦¹¹q¤Oªº¿é°e±Ä¨úªº¬O¶W°ªÀ£¹q¡C
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¹qªý«Y¼Æªº·Å«×¦±½u»Pª÷Äݤ£¦P¡A¬O¶V°ª·Å¾É¹q©Ê¶V¦n¡C
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§C·Å¤U¦³¨Ç§÷®Æ¶i¤J§¹¥þ¨S¦³¹qªýªºª¬ºA¡C
¥iµ´ºÏ¡A¤]¥i§@±j¤OºÏÅK¡]¨ú¥N¹qºÏÅK¡^¡C
¹q¬y°j¸ô
¹q¸ô²z½×
Pumping charge
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E = dW / dq
³æ°j¸ô¹q¸ô¤§¹q¬ypºâ
½Ðª`·N§Ú̳oùتº¥Ø¼Ð¬Onºâ "¹q¬y"
¯à¶qªk
¨ã¹q°Ê¶Õ E ¤§¹q¦À¹ï¤@·L¶q¹q²ü dq §@¥\
dW = E dq = E i dt
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E i dt = i2 R dt
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E = i R
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i = E / R
¹q¦ìªk
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¥H¹Ï 24-3 ¤§ a ÂI¶}©l¡A
Va + E - i R = Va
¦]¦¹
E - i R = 0
¤@¼Ë¥i¸Ñ¥X i = E / R
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(1) ³q¹L¤@Ó¹qªý¡A»P¹q¬y¤è¦V¬Û¦P¡A«h¹q¦ìÅÜ¤Æ -iR¡A¬Û¤Ï«h +iR
(2) ³q¹L¤@Ó¹q°Ê¶Õ¤¸¥ó¡A¤è¦V¬Û¦P¡A«h¹q¦ìÅÜ¤Æ +E ¡A¬Û¤Ï«h -E
¨âÂI¶¡¹q¦ì®t
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¹q¥\²v¡B¹q¦ì¡B¹q°Ê¶Õ
P = i V
P = i ( E - i r ) = i E - i2 r
Pemf = i E ¡]¹q°Ê¶Õ§@¥\¡^
Pr = i2 r ¡]¤º³¡¯Ó·l¡^
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¸`ÂIªk«h¡G¬y¶i¥ô¤@¸`ÂIªº¹q¬yÁ`©M¤@©wµ¥©ó¬y¥X¸Ó¸`ÂIªº¹q¬yÁ`©M
¥Ü½d¡G¹Ï 27-9 ªº¹q¸ô¹Ï¦p¦ó¨D¹q¬y i1¡Bi2¡Bi3
¹q¬y¤è¦V¥i°²³]¡A¤Ï¥¿¸Ñ¥X«á¦Û¦³¨ä¥¿t¸¹¡C
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§@·~¡G¦w°öp»P¥ñ¯Spªº¹B§@ì²z
RC ¹q¸ô
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¹ï¹q®e¥R¹q
E - iR - q / C = 0
¡]¹q®e¬O¶J¦s¯à¶qªº¸Ë¸m¡A¦ÛµM»P¹q°Ê¶Õ¤Ï¸¹¡^
°ò©ó i = dq / dt ¡A¬G¤W¦¡Åܦ¨
R dq / dt + (1/C) q = E
¦¹¦¡¤S¥s¥R¹q¤èµ{¦¡¡A¨ä¸Ñ¬° [¹ï¹q®e¾¹¥R¹qªº±¡ªp¤U] ¡G
q = C E ( 1 - e-t/RC )
¤S
i = dq /dt = ( E / R ) e-t/RC
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R C ¼¿n¬O¤@Ó±`¼Æ¡A¥X²{¦b«ü¼Æ¦¸¤è¤§¤À¥À¡A³æ¦ì¬O®É¶¡¡]¼g¦b¦¸¤è¤Wªº¼Æ¥²¶·µL¦]¦¸¡^¦]¦¹¬O¤@Ӯɶ¡«×¶q¡A¨C¸g¹L RC ®É¶¡¡A¤j¤p¦¨¬°ì¨Óªº e-1 = 0.37 ¿¡C
¹q®eªº©ñ¹q
»P¤W¦¡¦P¡A¦ýµL¹q°Ê¶Õ
R dq / dt + (1/C) q = 0 ¡]©ñ¹q¤èµ{¦¡¡^
¨ä¸Ñ¬°
q = q0 e-t/RC
i = dq /dt = -( q0 / RC ) e-t/RC
EX-150
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6r98FZq2A4I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNfTL3Kw4hQ
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22-4
23-3
23-4
23-5
24-2
24-3
24-4
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