æi»P¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß

 

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±q "¤£¥i°fªº¹Lµ{" ¨Ó¤F¸Ñ

¦p " ÂФôÃø¦¬"¡B"Á٦Ѫðµ£" µ¥

¦³½ìªº¬O¡A¤û¹y¤O¾Çªº´y­zªº²É¤l¬O¥i°fªº¡A¦Ó¥u­n¤À¤l¼Æ¤@¦h¡A´N¤£¥i°f¤F¡C(Molecular Chaos)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28arrow_of_time%29)

 

¶Ã«×»P¨ä­p¶q¡Gæi

æiªºÅܤÆ

¥Î²z·Q®ðÅ骺¦Û¥Ñ¿±µÈ¹Lµ{¨Ó·Q

®ðÅé±q¥u¦b¤@­Ó®ð«Ç¨ì¦Pªº¥Rº¡¨â­Ó®ð«Ç¡A¤£¤Ó¥i¯à·|°h¦^¥h­ìª¬ºA¡C¦Û¥Ñ¿±µÈ¹Lµ{¤º¯à¬O¤£Åܪº¡]¦]¬°¤£§@¥\¤]µ´¼ö¡^

¨ä«e«áªºª¬ºA¡A¤À§O¬O (p,V) ¤Î (p/2, 2V)

©w¸q¤@­Ó·sªºª¬ºA¨ç¼Æ æi (Entropy) S¡A¨äÅܤƬO ΔS = Sf - Si = ∫if dQ/T

 

¦Û¥Ñ¿±µÈ¦b p-V ¹Ï¤Wµe¤£¥X¸ô®|¡A¦ý¬JµM S ¬Oª¬ºA¨ç¼Æ¡A¤]´NÀ³¸Ó»P¸ô®|µLÃö¡A§Ú­Ì¦]¦¹¥i¥H¥ý¸Õ¤@­Ó¸ô®|¡C¦Ó¤§«e¾Ç¹L¦Û¥Ñ¿±µÈ«e«á·Å«×¤£ÅÜ¡A¦]¦¹ i ¤Î f ÂI¦@¦b¦P¤@­Ó T ­È¤W¡A¨úµ¥·Å¹Lµ{±N¬O³Ì¬°¤è«K¡]¯S§O¬O¥i°fªºµ¥·Å¹Lµ{¡^¡A¤S¥[¤W T ­È©T©wªº¸Ü¡A¿n¤À ∫if dQ/T Åܱo¯S§O²³æ¡G

ΔS = Sf - Si = 1/T ∫if dQ = Q/ T ¡]µ¥·Å¹Lµ{¡^

¤W­z¥i°fªºµ¥·Å¹Lµ{¥i¥Î±µ¤F¼ö®wªº®ð¬û¡A¦Ó¬¡¶ë¤W¦³¹]²É¥i½Õ¸`À£¤O¡C¤@¶}©l³]©w¦¨ (p,V) ­È¡A¤§«á¤@ÂI¤@ÂIºCºC²¾¨«¹]²É¡Aª½¨ì (p/2,2V) ¬°¤î¡C¨£¹Ï¡G

ºK¦Û½Ò¤å

±ý¨D¦b«Ê³¬¨t²Î¤ºµo¥Í¤§¤£¥i°f¹Lµ{ªºæiÅܤơA¥i¥Î±µ³s¬Û¦Pªì¡B¥½ª¬ºAªº¥i°f¹Lµ{¨Ó¨ú¥N¡A¦A¥Ñ ∫if dQ/T ¦¡¨Ó­pºâæiªºÅܤơC

¬°¤°»ò­n¾Ç³o­Ó¡H¦]¬°³oùØ©w¤Fæi¡A«o¨S¦³ª½±µºâæi­È¦Ó¬O¥Ñ¿n¤À¦¡ºâ®t²§­È¡]Åܤơ^³o´N»Ý­n¬Y±ø³s±µªìºA»P¥½ºA¶¡ªº¸ô®|¤F¡AÁ`¬O­n¦³­Ó­pºâªº¤èªk¡C

 

æi¬O¤@­Óª¬ºA¨ç¼Æ (¥H²z·Q®ðÅ鬰¨Ò)

æi¬O¤@­Óª¬ºA¨ç¼Æ³o¥ó¨Æ¥u¯à³z¹L¹êÅçÃÒ©ú¡C¦b¦¹§Q¥Î³q¹L¥i°f¹Lµ{ªº²z·Q®ðÅé¨Ó±´°Q¡C

±q²Ä¤@©w«ß¶}©l¡A§Ú­Ì­n ¨ú±o dQ/T ³o­Ó¶q

dEint = dQ - dW

n Cv dT = dQ - p dV

dQ / T = n Cv dT/T + p dV/T = n Cv dT/T + n R dV/V ¡]¤v¥Î¤W¤FpV = nRT¡^

¿n¤Àªºµ²ªG¬O

ΔS = Sf - Si = n Cv ln(Tf/Ti) + n R ln(Vf/Vi)

¥H¤W¿n¤À¨Ã¤£»Ý­n§Ú­Ì«ü©w¹Lµ{¸ô®|¡A¬G©úÅã¬O»P¹Lµ{µLÃöªº¡C

 

¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß¡]æi¼W­ì²z¡^

¤W¤@¤p¸`³B²z¥Î¨Ó­pºâæiÅܤƥi°f¹Lµ{¡A¥Ñ©ó¨Ã¤£¬O«Ê³¬¨t²Î¡A¦]¦¹¨S¦³¹H¤Ï«Ê³¬¨t²Î¤ºæi­n¼W¥[ªº°²³]¡C§â¼ö®w¯Ç¤J¤@°_¦Ò¶q¡A«h´N¤S¬O«Ê³¬¨t²Î¤F¡A¦¹®É¬y¤J®ðÅé¼ö¶q§Y¨Ó¦Û¼ö®w¡A¥B©w·Å¡A¬GæiÁ`©M¬°¹s¡C

§Ú­Ì¦³¡G¤@¹Lµ{µo¥Í©ó«Ê³¬¨t²Î¤º¡A­Y¤£¥i°f¡A¨t²Îæi¼W¥[¡F­Y¥i°f¡Aæi¤£ÅÜ¡Cæiµ´¤£´î¤Ö¡C

ΔS ≥ 0 ¡]¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß¡^

 

 

æi©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¤O¡]Entropic Forces¡^

°ª¤À¤l§÷®Æ¦p¾ó½¦¡A¥¦ªº§ÎÅܦ^´_¤O¦p¦ó²£¥Í¡H

­º¥ý¡A¦Û²Ä¤@©w«ß¥Xµo

dE = dQ - dW

¨ä¤¤ dW = F dx¡Adx ¬O¦ùªø¶q¡AdQ = T dS¡]¦]¬° ΔS = Q/T¡A¬G dS = dQ/T ¡A§Y©T©w·Å«×ªº Q »P S ¤p¶qÅܤƦ³Ãö¡^¡A¦]¦¹¦³

dE = T dS + F dx

¦b dx ¤£¤jªº±¡ªp¤U¡AdE = 0 ¬O¤@­Ó¨}¦nªºªñ¦ü¡]¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¤p§ÎÅܤU¾ó½¦¤º¯à´X¥G¤£ÅÜ¡A³o¨ä¹ê¬O°ª¤À¤l§÷®Æªº¯S©Ê¡^¡A¦]¦¹¦³

0 = T dS + F dx

F = - T dS/dx

³o¬O¨t²Î¦]¬°¤£·QÅýæi§ïÅÜ¡]­ì¥»æi¤v³Ì¤j¡A§ÎÅÜÅýæi´î¤Ö¡^¦Óªí²{¥X¨Óªº¦^´_¤O¡A ¨£¹Ï¡C

 

 

¼ö¥\¾÷±ñ¡]¥H¼ö§@¥\¡^¡G(¼ö)¤ÞÀº

 

»]®ð¾÷¡]¥Ë¯S¡^

¹B§@ªº­ì²z¡]·½·½¤£Â_¤§¤ô»]®ðªº±À¤O¡^

¤u·~­²©Rªº²z¥Ñ¡]§ïÅܤHÃþªº¾ú¥v¡^

 

¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷¡]´`Àô¡^

¯S¼x¡G¨â­Óµ¥·Å¤Î¨â­Óµ´¼ö¹Lµ{

¬Ý¹Ï¡A¼öªº¶i¥Xµ¥·Å¹Lµ{®É¡A­±¿n¬O§@¥\

ΔS =∫if dQ/T ¦¹¦¡§i¶D§Ú­Ì¡A¥ô¦ó¼ö¯àªº¶Ç»¼¥²©w¥]§t¤FæiªºÅܤơA¥i°Ñ¨£·Å«×¹ïæi§@¹Ï

§@¥\ªºµ²ªG¡G

¦]¬°´`Àô¡A¬G ΔEint = 0¡A±q²Ä¤@©w«ß

W = | QH | - | QL|

æiªºÅܤơG

ΔS = ΔSH + ΔSL= | QH| / TH - | QL| / TL ¡]µ¥·Å¹Lµ{Åý³oùتº±À¾É«Ü¤è«K¡^

´`Àô¡A¬G ΔS = 0¡A±o¥H¤UÃö«Y

| QH| / TH = | QL| / TL

¥t¥~¡A¥Ñ©ó TH > TL ¡A¬G | QH|  > | QL|¡Aªí¥Ü°ª·Å¼ö®w³Q©â±¼¬ù¼ö¦h

 

¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷ªº®Ä²v

¥ô¦ó¼ö¾÷ªº®Ä²v¡A¬O¨C´`Àô¤§§@¥\¤j¤p¹ïÁ`ª`¤J¼ö¶qªº¤ñ­È¡A¦p¤U

ε = | W| / | QH| ¡]¥ô¦ó¼ö¾÷ªº®Ä²v¡^

¹ï¤§¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷¦Ó¨¥¡A§Q¥Î¤W­±¤v±À¾Éªº¨â­ÓÃö«Y¡A±o

εC = 1 - TL/TH ¡]¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷ªº®Ä²v¡^

 

§¹¬ü¤ÞÀº¤£¦s¦b

¨Ò

³o®y¦ì©óºû¦N¥§¨Èªº®Ö¹q¼t¡Aµo¹q 900 MW¡A©ñ¼ö 2100 MW¡C

 

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¨£¹Ï

¥¦ªº²z·Q®Ä²v¤ñ¥d¿Õ¤ÞÀº§C¡A¦ý¦wÀR¡A¥i°µ¼ç¸¥¤ÞÀº

¥v¯SªL¤ÞÀºµo¹q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRBoJzUKZrw

 

¼ö»P¥\ªº¯u¥¿·N«ä

¼ö¾Ç²z½×ªºÀ³¥Î¼sªx¡A»y·J¤]¦]¦¹½ÆÂø¡A±Ð¬ì®Ñ¤¤¾ã²z¥X¼ö»P¥\ºë½Tªº¥Î»y¡C

¼ö ªº¯u¥¿·N«ä¬O¡G

¼ö¡A¬O¦]¬°¤£¦Pª«Å鶡ªº·Å«×®t¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¤@ª«Åé¶Ç»¼¦Ü¥t¤@ª«Å骺¯à¶q¡C

 

¥\ ªº¯u¥¿·N«ä¬O¡G

¥\¡A¬O·í¨âª«Å鶡¦³¤O§@¥Î®É¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¤@ª«Åé¶Ç»¼¦Ü¥t¤@ª«Å骺¯à¶q¡C

 

§N­á¾÷¡]refigerator¡^

§N¾÷¬O¾a¤@³s¦ê¹Lµ{¡A§â¼ö¯à¥Ñ§C·Å³B²¾¦Ü°ª·Å³Bªº¸Ë¸m¡C

²z·Q§N¾÷¡A«ü§N¾÷¤¤ªº©Ò¦³¹Lµ{³£¥i°f¡A¥B¨S¦³¯à¶q¦]¼¯À¿©ÎÂZ°Ê¦Ó·l¥¢¡C

¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷ªº°f¾Þ§@§Y¬O¤@ºØ²z·Q§N¾÷¡A¨£¹Ï¡C

§@³Ì¤pªº¥\§â³Ì¦hªº¼ö±q§C·Å¼ö®w²¾¨«¡A´N¬O³Ì¤p®Ä²vªº§N¾÷¡C§N¾÷ªº®Ä²v©w¬°¡G

K = | QL| / | W|

¤@­Ó¡]¥d¿Õ¡^²z·Q§N¾÷¡A°ò©ó¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤@©w«ßªº | W| = | QH| - | QL| ¡A¤W¦¡¦¨¬°

KC = | QL| / (| QH| - | QL| )

¦]¬°¥d¿Õ§N¾÷¬O¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷ªº°f¾Þ§@¡A¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷ªºæiÅܤÆÃö«Y¦¡¥iª½±µ®M¥Î¡A«h¤W¦¡¦A¶i¤@¨B²¤Æ¦¨

KC = TL / ( TH - TL )

 

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¤£¥Î§@¥\¡A´N¯à±N¼ö¥Ñ§C·Å©â¦V°ª·Å¡A¨£¥Ü·N¹Ï

¥Ñ©ó´`Àô¡A¬G¤u§@ª«½èªºæi¤£ÅÜ¡AµM¦Ó¼ö®wªºæi·|ÅÜ¡A§C·Å¼ö®wÅܤÆ

- | Q | / TL

°ª·Å¼ö®wÅܤÆ

+ | Q | / TH

Á`æiÅܤÆ

ΔS = | Q| / TH - | Q| / TL

¦ý TH > TL¡A¬G ΔS < 0 ¦Ó¹H¤Ï¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß

¦]¦¹¡A§¹¬ü§N¾÷¤£¦s¦b¡C

 

¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ßªº¥t¤@ºØ¡]µ¥®Äªº¡^´y­z¡G

¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¤@¨t¦Cªº¹Lµ{¡A¥i¥H±N¼ö¥Ñ¤@­Ó¬Y¯S©w·Å«×ªº¼ö®w¡AÂಾ¨ì¥t¤@­Ó·Å«×¸û°ªªº¼ö®w¡A¦Ó¤£¶·­n§@¥\¡C

 

¯u¹ê¼ö¾÷ªº®Ä²v

¥O εC ¬°¦b TL »P TH ¤§¶¡¤u§@ªº¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷ªº²v®Ä¡A«h¨S¦³¥ô¦ó³o¼Ë·Å«×¤u§@¤Uªº¼ö¾÷¥i¥H¦³¶W¹L¥¦ªº¼ö®Ä²v¡CÃÒ©ú¦p¤U¡G

­Y¦³¤@¼ö¾÷¨ä εX > εC ¡A«h®³¸Ó¼ö¾÷¨Ó¹ï¤@§N¾÷§@¥\¡A¹B§@©ó¬Û¦P¤§°ª§C·ÅÀô¹Ò¡A¦p¦¹µ²¦X¦¨¤@¦X§N¾÷¡A¦p°Ñ¦Ò¹Ï

¦] εX > εC

¬G | W | / | Q'H| > | W | / | QH|

§Y | QH| > | Q'H|

¤S¨â³¡¤À¶i¥X¤§§@¥\¬Ûµ¥ W = | QH| - | QL| = | Q'H| - | Q'L|

¦]¦¹¦³ | QH| - | Q'H| = | QL| - | Q'L| = Q ¡A¨ä¤¤ Q ¬Oµ²¦X§N¾÷ªº¼ö¬y¶q

«e­±¤v±o | QH| > | Q'H| ¡A©ñ¦¹ Q ¬° ¥¿¡A

Á`µ²ªG¬O§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨ì¦¹¤@µ²¦X«áªº§N¾÷¬O§¹¬ü§N¾÷¡A¹H¤Ï¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß¡A

¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¥ô¦ó¼ö¾÷¤§®Ä²v¤£¯à¶W¹L¦Pµ²·Å«×±ø¥ó¤Uªº¥d¿Õ¼ö¾÷¡C

 

æiªº²Î­pÆ[ÂI

¥H¨â­Ó®ð«Ç¤¤ªº¤»­Ó¬Û¦P¤À¤l¬°¨Ò¡A

¨£¹Ï¡Bªí

W = N! / (n1! n2!)

 

²Î­p¤O¾Çªº°ò¥»°²³]¡G

"©Ò¦³·LÆ[ºA³£¦³¬Û¦P¤§ªº¾÷²v"

 

¾÷²v©Mæi

ªi¯Y°Ò¼g¤U ®ðÅé²ÕºAªºæi S »P¸Ó²ÕºAªº¦h­«¼Æ W ¤§¶¡ªºÅç«Y

S = k ln W

³o­Ó­«­nªº¤½¦¡¨è¦bªi¯Y°Òªº¹Ó¸O¤W

W ¦b¼Æ¦r¤j®É¤£©ö¹q¸£­pºâ¡A¥i§Q¥Î¥v¯SªL (Stirling¡A»P¥v¯SªL¤ÞÀºµo©ú¤£¬O¦P¤@¤H) ªñ¦ü¤½¦¡

ln N! ≈ N(ln N) - N

 

 

³Ü¤ô¤p³¾¡]drinking duck / bird¡^

§@·~¡G¸ÑÄÀ³Ü¤ô³¾ªº°Ê§@¾÷¨î

 

¦ÛµMªºÁͶաG¦Û¥Ñ¯à

 

¼ö¾Ç¤§¤O¾Ç°ò¦¡]²Î­p¤O¾Ç¡^»P ¹M¾ú²z½×

 

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